Last updated: 26 September 2023
If you are an EEA or Swiss national, you were in the UK before 11pm on 31 December 2020, and you wish to stay in the UK, you need to apply to the EU Settled Status scheme. This scheme may allow you to stay in the UK (with certain conditions) now that Brexit has happened and the UK is no longer part of the EU.
The EEA consists of the EU member states, plus Iceland, Liechtenstein and Norway.
On this page, you will find the following information:
What is the EU Settled Status scheme?
The UK left the European Union (EU) on 31 January 2020. This process was called Brexit. As a result of Brexit, laws were introduced to protect the rights of EEA citizens living in the UK. The EU Settled Status scheme (EUSS) was the scheme set up by the government after Brexit to secure the immigration status of EEA citizens in the UK.
If you are an EEA/Swiss national, you were in the UK before 11pm on 31 December 2020, and you wish to stay in the UK, you may still be able to apply to the EU Settled Status scheme. This scheme may allow you to stay in the UK (with certain conditions – see below).
This page of the Toolkit provides an outline of the EUSS. If you would like more information, the charity Settled provides information, advice and support services to help EU citizens who have made a home in the UK. Their website has plenty of resources and answers to frequently asked questions (FAQs) which you can access here.
Who can apply?
People from EEA countries can apply to the EUSS. The EEA consists of the EU member states, plus Iceland, Liechtenstein and Norway. People from Switzerland can also apply, but the timeframes are slightly different. Read the information on the Home Office website here for more information.
If you were in the UK before 11pm on 31 December 2020, in most circumstances the deadline to apply to the Settled Status scheme was 30 June 2021. The deadlines for family members to apply depends on the circumstances – read more here. If you entered the UK after 11pm on 31 December 2020, the standard immigration process will apply to you.
Although the deadline to apply to the EUSS was 30 June 2021, you can still apply if that deadline did not apply to you, or you have “reasonable grounds” for not applying by the deadline. See below for reasons a late application may be considered.
If your family members were with you in the UK before 11pm on 31 December 2020, or were outside of the UK but their relationship with you began before 31 December 2020, they may also apply under the Settled Status scheme. For more information on what qualifies as a durable partner under the EUSS, read this blog by Free Movement here.
Applying after the deadline
Applications to the EUSS made after the 30 June 2021 deadline may still be considered, if you have what the Home Office considers to be “reasonable grounds” for missing the deadline. This section will outline what this means and how you can show this applies to you.
From July 2023 onwards, if you are applying to the EUSS late you must give clear and detailed information about the reasons for your late application. If the Home Office thinks that there are no reasonable grounds for delay in your application, your application will be rejected with no right of appeal or administrative review.
The Home Office has listed some of the things that could be considered “reasonable grounds”. This list does not cover every situation, so you may have reasonable grounds even if your reason isn’t in this list. The Home Office list includes the following situations:
- children who did not know they needed to apply, or whose parent, guardian or local authority didn’t apply for them
- you had a medical condition, or you have a physical or mental capacity issue meaning you couldn’t apply
- you couldn’t apply because of Coronavirus restrictions
- you are a victim of modern slavery
- you are in an abusive or controlling relationship
- you didn’t have internet access or the digital skills to make the application
- you had permanent residence or indefinite leave to remain in the UK and you didn’t know you needed to apply
- you came to the UK on another kind of visa, and didn’t know that you had become eligible to apply to the scheme
- “another compelling practical or compassionate reason” prevented you applying
The Home Office guidance says that you will need to provide evidence of each reasonable grounds reason for missing the deadline. The evidence must explain the reason or reasons you could not apply and it must cover why you could not apply by the deadline as well as the entire time period since the deadline passed. The type of evidence that the Home Office prefers for this is similar to its general views on “good” evidence.
ACTION SECTION
If you are making a late application to EUSS, you will need to provide good evidence to show why your application is late. Here are some actions you could take, depending on your circumstances:
- Gather evidence such as a letter from a doctor, carer or other healthcare professional, to show your medical grounds or care needs
- Provide court documents or a letter from an organisation supporting victims of domestic violence, to show you were in an abusive or controlling relationship
- Ask for a letter from a charity or homeless shelter explaining your circumstances
- If the application is for a child, and you have a parent, guardian, or local authority that did not know they needed to apply for you, provide a letter explaining this
How to apply for Settled or Pre-Settled Status
Most people will apply to the EU Settled Status scheme online (using a computer or smartphone). You can visit the EUSS application website here.
In general, you can just provide your National Insurance (NI) number and there is an automated check of tax and some benefits records. These should show whether you have been resident in the UK for the required period of time (see below). If these checks do not show this, you may be required to submit extra information. See the application website here.
The application to EUSS is free. You do not need to pay the Immigration Health Surcharge if you are applying to the EUSS.
Pre-Settled Status
If you were in the UK before 11pm on 31 December 2020, applied to the Settled Status scheme before 30 June 2021, and have lived in the UK for less than five years continuously (or cannot prove you have lived for five years or more continuously), you are likely to have been granted Pre-Settled Status. You may be able to apply even after the 30 June 2021 deadline if you had “reasonable grounds” to miss the deadline. See page 37 onwards of the Home Office guidance here.
If you are granted Pre-Settled Status, you can stay in the UK for a further five years from the date you get the status. You can then apply for Settled Status once you have reached five years’ continuous residence in the UK even if you reach the five years’ residence after the main 30 June 2021 deadline. Read more on the Home Office website here.
With Pre-Settled Status, you can work and study in the UK. To apply for benefits with a residence condition, such as Universal Credit, you will need to show that you have the “right to reside” beyond just having Pre-Settled Status. Not all benefits have this residence condition. See more here.
“Continuous residence” in the UK is considered to be broken by absence(s) from the UK that are more than a total of 6 months in any 12-month period. There are some exceptions to this – continuous residence may not be broken by one period of up to 12 months if you were outside of the UK for an “important reason”. The Home Office gives the examples of childbirth, serious illness, study, vocational training or an overseas work posting. The exceptions to breaking continuous residence also include compulsory military service of any length, time you spent abroad as a Crown servant (this means someone employed by the state), or as the family member of a Crown servant, and time you spent abroad in the armed forces, or as the family member of someone in the armed forces.
Continuous residence is considered to be broken by a prison sentence, and by deportation or similar removal decisions.
When you have Pre-Settled Status, you can travel in and out of the UK. You can spend up to two years in a row outside of the UK without losing your Pre-Settled Status. Remember, you will also need to be careful not to break your continuous residence (see above) if you wish to qualify for Settled Status.
What happens if you had Pre-Settled Status but forgot to make an application for Settled Status?
As a result of a legal challenge in December 2022, if you have Pre-Settled Status but you do not make a second application to EUSS before the expiry of their pre-settled status, you will not lose your residence rights. If this applies to you, from September 2023, your Pre-Settled Status will be automatically extended by 2 years before it expires.
If you have Pre-Settled Status, you should automatically have permanent residence status once you have been living in the UK for 5 years. Read more about what this means here.
Some people who are eligible may have their Pre-Settled Status upgraded to Settled Status automatically, beginning in 2024. However, if you previously had Pre-Settled Status and you are now eligible for Settled Status, you should still make an application for Settled Status.
For more information on the change from Pre-Settled to Settled Status, see this helpful Q&A document from the3million.
Settled Status
If you were in the UK before 11pm on 31 December 2020, applied to the Settled Status scheme before 30 June 2021, and have lived in the UK for five years or more continuously, you should have been granted Settled Status.
You may be able to apply even after the 30 June 2021 deadline if you had “reasonable grounds” to miss the deadline. See the section on late applications above for more information.
You can also apply to upgrade your Pre-Settled Status to Settled Status after the 30 June 2021 deadline.
When you have Settled Status, you can live in the UK as long as you wish, unless that status is revoked (taken away). With Settled Status, you can work and study in the UK, and can access benefits.
If you have Settled Status, you can spend up to five years in a row outside the UK without losing your status, or up to four years if you are a Swiss national.
Challenges
People who get their Pre-Settled or Settled Status have been experiencing some issues.
One of the main difficulties is the fact that when you are granted status, it is digital, so there is no physical proof of status. This means that if your application was accepted, you can only view your Pre-Settled or Settled Status online. Although you still won’t have any paper documentation which proves your status, your details should be entered into a Home Office database. This means that potential employers or landlords should be able to check your status with your share code. You can read Home Office guidance on digital status here.
Settled has a help page for people struggling with the digital system. You can access it here. If you have problems with your digital status, you can use the3million’s Report It Tool.
The charity Settled, which focuses on making EU citizens feel at home in the UK, has many resources to help and provide information on accessing your rights if you have Pre-Settled or Settled status. You can access them here.
Making a late application
The deadline to apply to the EUSS was 31 June 2021, but the scheme is still open to applications. There have been changes made to the reasonableness of the delay for a late application.
Now, if you are applying to the EUSS late you must give clear and detailed information about the reasons for your late application. From August 2023 onwards, the Home Office will first consider your reasons for making a late application and then consider if the application itself is valid.
If the Home Office thinks that there are no reasonable grounds for delay in your application, your application will be rejected with no right of appeal or administrative review.
If you are making a late application to the EUSS, the advice is to get get help. For more information about making a late application to the EUSS, see the3million’s resources here.
If you are refused
If your application for Pre-Settled Status or Settled Status is refused, there are a few options for what to do next. Remember that if you make a late application and you do not provide clear and detailed information about the reason for your late application, or if the Home Office does not consider your grounds to be reasonable, your application will be rejected with no right of appeal or administrative review.
Administrative review
You could apply for an administrative review of the Home Office decision. This is a review of how the decision on your application was made, and costs £80. You will get this fee refunded if the administrative review decides there was a caseworker error. If you submit new evidence as part of the review, and the decision is changed because of this, you will not get the fee refunded.
The Home Office says you should get the result of the administrative review within 28 days. However, there have been a major delays in receiving an administrative review decision because the Home Office has received so many. Read more about Settled Status scheme administrative reviews here.
Appeal the decision
Administrative review is generally a quicker and easier option than appealing the decision.
If administrative review is not available to you (either because you are not able to pay the £80 fee, or because you do not fulfil one of the requirements listed by the Home Office) or your application for administrative review is unsuccessful, you can make an appeal to the First-tier Tribunal.
You can only appeal decisions on applications made after 11pm on 31 January 2020 (which was ‘exit’ day – the day the UK left the European Union).
Deportation
If you have Settled Status or Pre-Settled Status in the UK (or are eligible to apply), you could still be at risk of deportation from the UK if you are convicted of committing a criminal offence.
If the criminal offence was committed before the end of 2020, the Home Office will need to consider the pre-Brexit rules on EU nationals. This means it would have to show that deporting you is in the interests of “the public good, public health or public security”. The threshold (this means the level) for showing that deportation is in one or more of these interests was generally higher for EEA nationals than the “public good” arguments for deportation of non-EEA nationals. The threshold is also determined by the length and permanence of your residence in the UK – for example, the threshold is higher for those with the right to permanent residence in the UK.
If the criminal offence was committed after 2020, or you did not have or were not eligible for Pre-Settled Status or Settled Status, the normal rules on deportation will apply to you.
Moving on from Settled Status
If you have Settled Status, you may then wish to consider applying for British Citizenship.
To apply for British Citizenship, you will need to have Settled Status for a year unless you are married to a British citizen.
You will also need to pass the “good character” test, and meet the knowledge of English and life in the UK test requirements. At the time of writing, people who did not have Comprehensive Sickness Insurance when they were required to do so under UK law may be refused on the basis of the good character test. If this applies to you, it is a good idea to get legal advice. If you want to know more about the general requirements for naturalising as a British Citizen, see this eBook by Free Movement.
To learn more about Pre-/Settled Status, and what comes next for EU citizens in the UK, visit the Settled website which has plenty of information on practical steps you can take to access your rights (like healthcare), cope with struggles with the digital system, or have family members join you from outside the UK.